Infertility is a multifactorial condition that affects millions of people around the world. Among the most well-known causes are hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities of the reproductive system, or low-quality eggs and sperm. However, there is a lesser-explored but equally relevant component: the immunological factor in infertility.
In this blog post, we explain what the immunological factor is, how it can interfere with the reproductive process, what its symptoms and diagnostic options are, and most importantly, what treatments exist to address it and increase the chances of a successful pregnancy.
The immune system is designed to protect the body against foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, or toxins. However, in some cases, this system can react inappropriately and attack elements that do not represent a real threat, including components of the reproductive system.
In human reproduction, the embryo shares genetic material with the father, making it partially “foreign” to the maternal body. That’s why the woman’s immune system must “tolerate” the embryo during implantation and pregnancy. When this tolerance does not occur properly, an immune response may be triggered that prevents conception or causes recurrent miscarriages.
The immunological factor in infertility refers to a series of immune system disorders that interfere with the processes of fertilization, implantation, or embryo development.
There are different types of immunological alterations that can affect fertility:
1. Presence of Antiphospholipid Antibodies
These antibodies attack the phospholipids of cell membranes, including those of the embryo or placenta. They are associated with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages and implantation failures.
2. Overactive Natural Killer (NK) Cells
NK cells are designed to destroy abnormal or infected cells, but in some cases, they may attack the embryo or affect implantation if present in elevated numbers or with high cytotoxic activity.
3. Autoimmune Diseases
Conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus or autoimmune thyroid disease can disrupt the immune balance needed for conception and pregnancy.
4. Immunological Incompatibility Between the Couple
Although less common, some studies suggest that certain pairs of highly similar HLA genes between partners may hinder implantation due to a lack of necessary “tolerance” immune signals.
Not all infertility cases are related to immune problems, but there are specific situations in which it is recommended to evaluate this possibility:
Diagnosis should be carried out by specialists in reproductive immunology and fertility. Some tests that may be ordered include:
Once an immunological factor is detected, personalized treatments can be applied to modulate the immune response without compromising the patient’s overall health.
1. Immunotherapy with Corticosteroids
Drugs like prednisone can reduce excessive immune activity, especially in women with high NK cell levels or autoimmune diseases.
2. Heparin and Aspirin
Used to treat antiphospholipid syndrome and reduce the risk of thrombosis and embryo loss.
3. Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)
These modulate the immune system to prevent it from attacking the embryo. Used in severe cases or those with a history of multiple failures.
4. Intralipids
A more accessible alternative to IVIG. These lipid emulsions help decrease NK cell activity.
5. Embryo Transfer During the “Immune Window”
Endometrial analysis identifies the ideal time for embryo implantation, reducing the chance of immune rejection.
At Ingenes, we approach each infertility case comprehensively, including immunological evaluation when clinical history suggests it. Our team includes specialists in immunology, gynecology, embryology, and reproductive psychology, allowing us to create a completely personalized treatment plan.
The immunological factor in infertility represents one of the most complex challenges, but also one of the most treatable with the right approach. With the support of a specialized center and the correct treatment, many people are able to fulfill their dream of having a child.
If you’ve experienced unexplained pregnancy losses or if previous treatments haven’t worked, it may be time to evaluate the immunological component. At Ingenes, we’re here to listen to you, understand your story, and help you achieve what you long for most: your baby.
